THE LAST JIHAD – PART 3
By Dr. Austin Orette
Nigeria’s complex socio-political landscape is deeply shaped by historical dynamics of power, identity, and governance. Over the years, various ethnic groups have vied for influence, often leading to competition, mistrust, and uneven development. Among these dynamics, the historical rise of the Fulani aristocracy in Northern Nigeria remains a pivotal factor in understanding current national tensions.
Historically, the Fulani expansion during the 19th-century jihad led by Usman dan Fodio altered the political and religious structure of the region. This movement integrated existing Hausa states into a caliphate system that emphasized Islamic governance, transforming the power dynamics of the North. Some historians liken this process to forms of internal colonization due to the centralization of religious and political authority under Fulani leadership.
While such shifts brought new administrative systems and a unifying religious structure, they also marginalized some indigenous cultures and traditional institutions. Over time, this centralized influence shaped not only Northern Nigeria but also national politics, particularly during the colonial and post-independence eras.
The legacy of military rule in Nigeria further entrenched certain power structures. The post-coup governments, often dominated by Northern officers, implemented policies that strengthened federal centralization. For instance, the creation of additional states and local governments increased Northern political leverage, a trend some critics argue was used to consolidate influence.
Key legislative and executive decisions, such as the Land Use Act of 1978, are also viewed by some scholars as pivotal moments that redefined land ownership and resource control, particularly in Northern Nigeria. Critics of this policy believe it facilitated large-scale land acquisitions without adequately addressing local concerns, especially in rural communities.
Nigeria’s security landscape in recent decades has been deeply affected by the emergence of non-state armed groups. The proliferation of these groups, particularly in the North, has been attributed to a range of factors including poverty, poor governance, and perceived marginalization. While some analysts argue that elements within elite networks benefit from instability, such claims remain speculative and should be approached with caution and a demand for evidence.
Religious identity continues to play a central role in national discourse. Concerns have been raised about the balance between Nigeria’s secular constitution and the implementation of religious laws in some states. For instance, the introduction of Sharia law in several Northern states in the early 2000s sparked national debate over constitutional limits and religious freedom in a multi-faith society.
Critics of Nigeria’s political evolution often cite a lack of inclusiveness, alleging that power has at times been concentrated within specific political blocs. Others argue that such claims risk oversimplifying a more nuanced and evolving political reality where different groups—regardless of ethnicity—compete, collaborate, and compromise within the democratic framework.
It is also important to recognize that Northern Nigeria is far from homogenous. The region consists of diverse ethnicities, languages, and cultures. Broad generalizations obscure this diversity and may hinder national unity. Constructive dialogue requires acknowledging these internal differences and avoiding blanket characterizations of any group.
What Nigeria needs moving forward is a reexamination of its foundational structures, including power devolution, equitable resource distribution, and an inclusive national identity. It is critical to foster mutual respect across ethnic and religious lines and to promote governance that values fairness, accountability, and peace.
Only through honest reflection, inclusive politics, and national dialogue can the country address historical grievances and build a future rooted in shared prosperity and unity.
Dr. Austin Orette writes from Houston, Texas.
